Taught in order as a unit, the lessons are structured like a mystery in which the author reveals the solution-that is, the results of the election-at the beginning. The fun is coming to understand what led up to that conclusion. Lesson 3, "Was There a Corrupt Bargain? If possible, choose student volunteers for the transcript reading for the first activity the day before teaching Lesson One, below, to allow time for them to review their parts.
In Lesson One, hypothetical examples of what could happen in a close election are offered as a check for understanding the numerical results of the election. Take care not to get embroiled in the politics of the election. Students will read material from the introduction to the Teaching With Documents Lesson Plan: Tally of the Electoral College Vote , on the EDSITEment-reviewed website National Archives Educator Resources, for background on the election of , the history of presidential elections prior to , and modern issues surrounding the electoral college.
In Lesson Three and Extending the Lesson, students will look at a variety of evidence to see if it indicates whether there was a "corrupt bargain" in John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election.
Considering that there is no agreement among historians about the "corrupt bargain," all student conclusions should be accepted as long as reasonable evidence is offered to support ideas. Presidential Elections. Some new trends in the electorate were apparent in the election of The franchise, or right to vote, was being extended to more white males as income-related eligibility requirements were being dropped by more states.
The major change was the elimination of property requirements. Later, tax-paying requirements were also dropped. Direct election was replacing selection by state legislatures as the method for choosing electors, increasing the importance of the popular vote. Political campaigns felt more strongly than ever the need to appeal to the masses. The nation was expanding as western states joined the Union bringing their own issues and a desire for full participation. The Kentucky legislature in joint session unanimously nominated favorite son Henry Clay, looking to a time "when the people of the West may, with some confidence, appeal to the magnanimity of the whole Union, for a favorable consideration of their equal and just claim to a fair participation in the executive government of these states" Hopkins, James F.
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, , With no more national heroes of the Revolution left to succeed Monroe, regional figures and regional issues were becoming even more important. After the Democratic-Republicans took office in , Federalists found themselves the victims of their own policies when the new administration of President Thomas Jefferson prosecuted several Federalist editors in state courts.
More than tools of partisan politicking, however, the Alien and Sedition Acts brought to the fore the issues of free speech and the balance of power between the state and federal governments. It also forced Americans to grapple with the fact that instead of classical republican harmony or unitary support for presidential leadership, dissent would thereafter characterize American politics.
Congress passes the Alien Act, granting President Adams the power to deport any alien he deemed potentially dangerous to the country's safety. The act provides for the apprehension and deportation of male aliens who were subjects or citizens of a hostile country.
All French treaties between the United States and France are declared null and void by vote in Congress, most notably the Treaty of Alliance. Congress adopts the Sedition Act, the fourth and last of the Alien and Sedition acts. The Kentucky State Legislature adopts the Kentucky Resolutions, reserving states' right to override federal powers not enumerated in the U.
Thomas Jefferson, angry at the Adams administration for the Alien and Sedition acts, authors the resolution. Thomas Cooper, a resident of Northumberland, Pennsylvania, is tried and convicted of libel against President Adams and his administration under the newly adopted Sedition Act.
Congress passes and Adams signs into law the Federal Bankruptcy Act, providing merchants and traders protection from debtors. A resolution is passed and eventually signed by President Adams calling for the establishment of a Library of Congress. Congress passes an act dividing the Northwest Territory into two parts, with the border between them running north from the junction of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. The western part of the territory will be known as the Indiana Territory while the eastern half will retain the name Northwest Territory.
The new city of Washington in the District of Columbia becomes the official capital of the United States, succeeding Philadelphia. It would not be until November that Congress convened in the new capital and Adams moved into the new Executive Mansion. On June 11, , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ceased to be the capital of the United States, as the new city of Washington in the District of Columbia became the country's official capital. The federal government moved its offices to Washington, D.
Capitol building. The act made Philadelphia the temporary capital for ten years and authorized the President to select a site for the nation's permanent capital along the Potomac River. As President, George Washington energetically promoted the development of his namesake city so it would be ready to receive the federal government in , according to the terms of the Residence Act.
L'Enfant's plans included great public squares, extensive parks and gardens, a system of avenues radiating from the city's center, and public buildings located majestically along the Potomac. His dismissal from the project in , combined with a lack of funding for construction, rendered the city woefully underdeveloped when the federal government arrived in It was not until the twentieth century, in fact, that L'Enfant's designs for the city were gradually implemented.
At the dawn of the nineteenth century, only one wing of the U. Capitol building was complete, and the federal city consisted of less than houses with a population of about 3, Roads were scarce, entertainment virtually nonexistent, and housing limited. Fewer than federal personnel moved into the city.
Congressmen frequently rented rooms in boarding houses two to a bed. In November, President John Adams moved into the still incomplete White House, of which only the box-like center had been built. Life in the White House seemed only a slight improvement over congressmen's circumstances. John and Abigail Adams lacked an expense account to furnish the house and a staff to maintain it. Yet, they were expected to host social functions and official receptions.
However, President Adams did not have to struggle under the burden for long. Just a few months after moving into the White House, he turned it over to Thomas Jefferson, who defeated him in the election of Despite the initial hardships and inadequacies of the federal government's new home, a general optimism about the city prevailed.
Unlike the Adamses, who were from Massachusetts, Jefferson knew the Potomac region well and had long supported its location for the nation's capital. Jefferson's election renewed enthusiasm for the federal government and provided impetus for the further development of Washington, D. France agrees to lift its embargos on American ships, cancel all letters of marque, and respect neutral ships and property. The United States agrees to return captured warships but not captured privateers. Spain cedes the Louisiana territory to France with the signing of the secret Treaty of San Idlefonso.
Leaders express alarm because the French could be a potentially dangerous enemy in the region. The fourth presidential election is held. Adams, the Federalist Party candidate, loses his bid for reelection. A tie in electoral votes between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr throws the election into the House of Representatives, with Jefferson emerging the winner.
Thomas Jefferson is inaugurated as the third President of the United States, becoming the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D. John Adams's term as President officially ends. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Then on March 4, in Philadelphia, Washington, as required by Article II of the Constitution, took the presidential oath of office for the second time.
Commenting on his re-election, Washington proclaimed, "I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its chief magistrate. Bibliography: Boller, Paul, Jr. Presidential Campaigns.
New York: Oxford University Press, Cooper, William J. Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to Dahl, Robert A. On Democracy.
Reichley, A.
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