In , the USSR launched the first artificial satellite into orbit. The satellites hull consisted of two separate aluminium semi-spheres joined together. All subsequent space vehicles were produced using aluminium. The aluminium can, an iconic product that became one of the largest aluminium commodities, the symbol of environmental friendliness and a focal point in the field of art and design, emerged in the USA in The cans invention was shared between Kaiser Aluminium and Coors.
Coors was not only the first company to sell beer in aluminium cans but also organised the collection of empty cans using a recycling system. Coca-Cola and Pepsi started to sell their drinks in aluminium cans in In , the legendary race car driver Mickey Thompson and his race car the 'Harvey Aluminium Special' made from aluminium alloys became a sensation at the Indianapolis Despite the fact that his car has 70 HP less power than his competitors, Thompson came eighth in the qualification and ninth in the race.
As a result, his team got the Mechanical Achievement Award for breakthrough in race car design. Aluminium was the key material used in Shinkansen, the famous high-speed train and prototype of all modern trains of that type. Modern high speed trains were launched in Japan two years later.
The USSR stepped up the tempo of their aluminium production through the use of hydroelectric plants in Siberia and in doing so, became the world's aluminium market leader.
In the mids two giants of the aluminium industry, the Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk aluminium smelters, which each had the capacity of 1 million tonnes of metal per year, were commissioned in Siberia. These production facilities remain the largest in the world.
Increased aluminium production volumes globally and demand for the metal resulted in aluminium becoming an exchange commodity in the s. In , the exchange trade for aluminium contracts started on the London Metal Exchange "LME" , the oldest exchange in the world, established in Since then the price for primary aluminium became uniform all over the world and was formed during exchange trade on the LME.
Aluminium production was growing steadily worldwide and reached 19 million tonnes by the beginning of the s. The role of China started to become more important with the centre of the world's production gradually drifting to its territory.
Domestic aluminium production in China at the time did not exceed thousand tonnes, but it was growing rapidly, supplying their own needs. The aluminium production facilities in Russia reached 3. As Russia began to change their economic model aluminium production growth slowed. China's production grew past Russia's in exceeding 4. Hereafter, aluminium production in China grew at priority rates. It reached almost 10 million tonnes by , one third of total global production volumes.
China utilised all produced aluminium internally. Turnaround of the metal and other materials was so great, that they had their own commodity exchanges, which were merged into the Shanghai Futures Exchange "SHFE" in At the same time, China ramped up its production at a high environmental price. Countries in the Middle East also started to play a significant part in the aluminium industry too.
Having access to cheap oil and associated natural gas, aluminium producers there had a source of cheap but environmentally harmful power. They also ramped up their production vigorously and today rank among the world leaders in production of the winged metal. Challenges for the world aluminium industry began in during the global financial crisis. Millions of tonnes of aluminium accumulated in storage facilities worldwide.
Exchange traders showed interest in them: financial deals with the metal became a profitable investment. Home » Industries » Production » Primary Production.
Buyer's Guide. Primary Production. Quick Read Primary production is the process by which alumina is smelted to pure aluminum metal. Bauxite to aluminum reduction factors For every 4 pounds of bauxite, 2 pounds of alumina can be produced. From every 2 pounds of alumina, 1 pound of aluminum is produced. Energy conservation trends Per ton of aluminum produced, electrical consumption has been reduced by 50 percent from the levels necessary 50 years ago. Electrical energy usage requirements have dropped approximately 10 percent in the past 20 years.
Why aluminum does not rust Aluminum reacts with atmospheric oxygen. A thin layer of aluminum oxide 4 nanometers in thickness is formed. The Primary Production of Aluminum How aluminum is made Primary production is the process through which new aluminum is made versus secondary production, in which existing aluminum is recycled into pure metal. The role of electricity in primary production The processing of aluminum became economically viable when large-scale electricity was produced.
Aluminum largely remained a curiosity for the next 20 years, in part because the metal produced by the Deville process was notoriously difficult to work with. With low demand there was little economic reason to build aluminum plants. Production worldwide in was only about 2 metric tons.
Fifteen years later, when a 6-pound aluminum cap was famously placed on the Washington Monument, world production had increased to only 3.
The bulk of the remainder came from France, Germany, and England. A big hurdle to achieving lower-cost aluminum production was the lack of a good power source. Even if someone developed an advantageous electrochemical reaction, it needed to be sufficiently strong, sustainable, and economical. The growth of reliable, commercial electric dynamos in the last third of the 19th century meant that reliable electrical power would be available wherever mechanical energy existed, and it returned attention to the possibilities of an economical electrolytic process for aluminum.
Both were 18 years old in When he was nine they moved 75 miles to Oberlin, Ohio, a town renowned for its college, music conservatory, and status as a terminus of the Underground Railroad. His mother and father had graduated from Oberlin College, and in turn he and his six siblings all graduated from it as well.
Like many 19th-century scientists, he fabricated much of his own equipment and synthesized some of his own chemicals. When his first attempts at creating an improved chemical process to extract aluminum failed, Hall had to use numerous Bunsen batteries with carbon cathodes to effect electrolysis. But first he had to find appropriate starting materials. For an aluminum source he precipitated alumina by mixing the common household products alum with washing soda sodium carbonate, Na 2 CO 3 and drying the filtered results.
Finding a solvent that would liquefy the mixture and make it more amenable to electrolysis turned out to be a bit more difficult. Global demand for primary aluminum reached an estimated World aluminum demand grew at an average annual rate of 4.
China accounted for the largest share of global aluminum consumption by region in , followed by North America, Asia and Europe. This circular chart shows the estimated demand for primary aluminum by region as the percentage of total demand for China accounted for the largest percentage of global demand Of this amount:. The United States was Canada's largest export destination for aluminum products, accounting for Approximately Imports came from the United States Global demand for aluminum showed a slight decline in , reflected by lower prices during the year with a slight regain from mid-year.
This line graph shows the monthly average price of aluminum in US dollars per tonne from to , taken from the IndexMundi exchange. The intensity of aluminum use in transportation is rising as its unique properties and recyclability fit the world's needs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Aluminum is infinitely recyclable, making it one of the most recycled metals in the world.
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